Figure 2

<p>(a) Statistical parametric maps and (b) parameter estimates illustrating significant condition–by-stimulus-type interaction effects for the rACC (MNI: −6,30,−10; <i>p_FWE-SVC</i> = 0.005; <i>z</i> = 3.85; cluster-size(<i>k</i>) = 194), right hippocampus (MNI: 32,−8,−26; p_FWEc = 0.025; <i>z</i> = 4.37; <i>k</i> = 130), precuneus (MNI: 28,−70,36; <i>p_FWEc</i> = 0.034; <i>z</i> = 4.54; <i>k</i> = 494), and dlPFC (MNI: 52,32,22; <i>p_FWEc</i> = 0.046; <i>z</i> = 3.85; <i>k</i> = 291). All coordinates reference the coordinate system of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Color bar indicates z<i>-</i>statistic value.</p

Figure 1

<p>(a) Bar chart illustrating performance accuracy (% correct) and (b) line plot illustrating reaction time measures over conditions (emotion vs. gender recognition) and types of stimuli (male vs. female eyes). Significance bars and asterisks designate the significance of both recognition accuracy and reaction times for the main effects of condition and the condition by eyes type interactions.</p

Results of Task 2 (Passive Viewing).

<p>All results: p<0.05 FWE corrected for multiple comparisons; ^*p<0.05 FWE corrected for region of interest; BA Brodmann area; x,y,z, respective coordinates of MNI template.</p

Task 2 (passive viewing).

<p>Upper row: Sustained downregulation of amygdala activation for formerly regulated negative pictures (p<0.05 FWE corrected for ROI; this effect was also significant for the left amygdala (not shown here)). Bottom row: Amygdala activation during presentation of formerly regulated negative pictures in task 2 correlated positively with individual differences in peak rebound activation in task 1 (p<0.05, FWE corrected for ROI; this effect was also significant at a lower statistical level (p = 0.008 uncorrected) for the left amygdala (not shown here)).</p

Task 1 (active regulation).

<p>Upper row left: Amygdala activation was significantly attenuated during regulation (p<0.05 FWE corrected for ROI). This regulation related decrease of amygdala activation was positively correlated with a regulation related increase in DLPFC activation (Upper row, right). Bottom row, left: Time course of left Amygdala, showing a significant postregulation rebound and a significant interaction of regulation and period (bar plot bottom row, middle). Note: all effects here shown for the left amygdala, are also significant for the right amygdala. Bottom row, right: Positive correlation between peak activation during relax period (rebound) in left amygdala and individual scores in the WBSI.</p

Results of Task 1 (Active Regulation).

<p>All results: p<0.05 FWE corrected for multiple comparisons; ^*p<0.05 FWE corrected for region of interest; BA Brodmann area; x,y,z, respective coordinates of MNI template.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The role of anticipated emotions in self-control: linking self-control and the anticipatory ability to engage emotions associated with upcoming events.CSV

Self-control is typically attributed to “cold” cognitive control mechanisms that top-down influence “hot” affective impulses or emotions. In this study we tested an alternative view, assuming that self-control also rests on the ability to anticipate emotions directed toward future consequences. Using a behavioral within-subject design including an emotion regulation task measuring the ability to voluntarily engage anticipated emotions towards an upcoming event and a self-control task in which subjects were confronted with a variety of everyday conflict situations, we examined the relationship between self-control and anticipated emotions. We found that those individuals (n = 33 healthy individuals from the general population) who were better able to engage anticipated emotions to an upcoming event showed stronger levels of self-control in situations where it was necessary to resist short-term temptations or to endure short-term aversions to achieve long-term goals. This finding suggests that anticipated emotions may play a functional role in self-control-relevant deliberations with respect to possible future consequences and are not only inhibited top-down as implied by “dual system” views on self-control.</p

Reverse and concordant task-rest interactions.

<p>The figure depicts activated clusters (whole-brain FWE-corrected) for the reverse task-rest interaction in the amygdala (A) and the concordant task-rest interaction in DLPFC and IPL (B) – the latter showing a representative time course for task-negative regions. Peak coordinates for these clusters can be obtained from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093098#pone-0093098-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. In addition, it shows the graphs of the grand mean right amygdala (C), right DLPFC (D), and right IPL (E) time courses (computed over blocks and participants) for regulated (red) and unregulated aversive (blue) and unregulated neutral (green) stimulation-fixation. Stimulation onset is at TR1, stimulation offset is at TR 4. The activation in response to the stimulation (shaded in gray) should be expected to be delayed by about 3 TRs which corresponds to the typical lag of the canonical hemodynamic response.</p

epidemiological, behavioral and MRI data

epidemiological, behavioral and MRI data by each subjec

Task-rest interactions of regulated aversive and unregulated aversive stimulation.

<p>The table shows anatomical labels, cluster sizes, t-scores, and coordinates in MNI space for brain activations in the contrasts of interest; threshold: p<.05, FWE-corrected. Stim_RegAv = regulated aversive stimulation; Stim_Av = unregulated aversive stimulation; Fix_RegAv = fixation following regulated aversive stimulation; Fix_Av = fixation following unregulated aversive stimulation. The main results are visualized in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093098#pone-0093098-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p